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用英文介绍肿瘤病理 用英文介绍肿瘤病理特点

肿瘤治疗 2025-08-07 11:04肿瘤治疗www.zhongliuw.cn

Introduction to Tumor Pathology

Tumor pathology is a specialized branch of pathology that focuses on the study of neoplasms (abnormal tissue growths) to determine their nature, behavior, and clinical implications. It plays a crucial role in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment planning.

Key Characteristics of Tumor Pathology

1. Benign vs. Malignant Tumors

  • Benign tumors grow slowly, remain localized, and do not invade surrounding tissues or metastasize. They typically have well-defined borders and resemble normal tissue (e.g., lipomas, fibromas).
  • Malignant tumors (cancers) grow aggressively, invade nearby tissues, and can spread (metastasize) to distant organs. They exhibit cellular atypia, high mitotic activity, and loss of normal tissue architecture.

    • 2. Histological Features

  • Differentiation: Refers to how closely tumor cells resemble normal tissue. Well-differentiated tumors look similar to normal cells, while poorly differentiated or anaplastic tumors show marked abnormalities.
  • Nuclear changes: Malignant cells often have enlarged, irregular nuclei with prominent nucleoli and hyperchromasia (dark staining).
  • Mitotic activity: High mitotic rates indicate rapid cell division, a hallmark of malignancy.

    • 3. Tumor Grading & Staging

  • Grading (e.g., Grade I to IV) assesses cellular differentiation and aggressiveness.
  • Staging (e.g., TNM systemTumor size, Node involvement, Metastasis) determines disease extent and guides treatment.

    • 4. Molecular & Genetic Alterations

  • Many tumors have specific genetic mutations (e.g., TP53, BRCA1/2, EGFR) that drive oncogenesis.
  • Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and molecular tests (e.g., PCR, NGS) help identify biomarkers for targeted therapies.

    • 5. Tumor Microenvironment

  • Includes stromal cells, immune cells, and blood vessels that influence tumor growth, invasion, and response to therapy.

    • Conclusion

    Tumor pathology integrates morphological, molecular, and clinical data to classify tumors accurately. Advances in techniques (e.g., digital pathology, liquid biopsy) continue to refine cancer diagnostics and personalized medicine.

    Would you like more details on a specific aspect of tumor pathology?

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